Lapho umvubukuli ethola imikhondo yezinsalela zikakhokho ezitsheni zokuphuza zasePuebloan eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imiphumela yayimikhulu.Ukutholakala kwakhe ushokoledi kwafakazela ukuthi abahlali basogwadule baseNingizimu-ntshonalanga eChaco Canyon bebehweba nabavuni bakakhokho baseMesoamerican, njengamaMaya, kusukela ngo-900 CE.

Kodwa izitsha zokuphuza zibaluleke kakhulu njengoshokoledi ofihliwe ngaphakathi kuzo.Bawubufakazi obuphilayo besiko lokwenza izitsha zobumba eliqhubekayo ezizweni eziyinzalo yamaChaco Canyon Puebloans namuhla.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, i-Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History yajoyina uhambo lokuvubukula olwaqoqa ezinye zemikhumbi yamasilinda esuka e-Chaco Canyon.Ezimbili zazo manje zibukiswa embukisweni we-museum othi “Objects of Wonder”.Ukuthengwa kwezimbiza kuyisikhumbuzo sesikhathi esidlule sokubusa kwemnyuziyamu, kodwa namuhla izazi ze-anthropologists zasemnyuziyamu zinenhloso entsha yezimbiza nezinye izitsha zobumba: ukuzihlanganisa nabantu bomdabu abahola phambili ekuvuseleleni amasiko emiphakathini yabo.

Isibonelo, uhlelo lomnyuziyamu Lokubuyisela Amazwi lusebenza nemiphakathi yendabuko efana nenzalo yama-Hopi yama-Chaco Puebloans ukuze kuqondwe kangcono amasiko okwenza izitsha zobumba.Iphinde ilethe ababumbi asebekhulile eqoqweni ukuze bayifundele isizukulwane esilandelayo.

“Kumele sikubone ukuthi umhlaba usushintshe kakhulu futhi izimyuziyamu eziningi zithola izindawo okungenzeka ukuthi bekungafanele zibe nazo.Manje kubalulekile ukuthi sihlale phansi silalele ukuthi abantu nemiphakathi emikhulu bazositshela ini,” kusho uDkt. Torben Rick, uMphathi weNorth American Archaeology emnyuziyamu.“Kuningi okungaphuma kulokho.Ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi i-Natural History Museum iqhubekele phambili futhi izame ukugxila kakhulu emphakathini esikhathini esizayo.

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12, i-Chaco Canyon yabona ukuphela kwezimbiza zokuphuza isilinda.AbasePuebloan bapakishe cishe izimbiza ezingu-112 ekamelweni elise-Pueblo Bonito base bethungela igumbi ngomlilo.Nakuba babeqhubeka bephuza ushokoledi, babengasasebenzisi izimbiza zesilinda, okusikisela ukuthi izimbiza zazibaluleke ngokwenkolo njengokhokho ngokwawo.

“Izitsha zazibonakala zinamandla futhi zacekelwa phansi ngomlilo.Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi kwakuyimikhumbi ekhethekile,” kusho uDkt. Patricia Crown, isazi semivubukulo eNyuvesi yaseNew Mexico, owathola ukhokho ezitsheni.“Izimbiza zamasilinda ziphelile, kanti ushokoledi akuphuzanga.”

Ngemva komlilo wezimbiza ngo-1100 CE, abantu base-Ancestral Pueblo bashintshela ekuphuzeni ukhokho ngaphandle kwezinkomishi.Imininingwane yomkhuba wabo wembiza kashokoledi isilinda ilahlekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukufunda izitsha zobumba kungaba wusizo kososayensi abamagange ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokushintshisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kweNingizimu-ntshonalanga neMesoamerica.Izimbiza, izinkomishi noma izitsha ezinomumo ofanayo zingase zisetshenziselwe imicimbi efanayo emiphakathini eyahlukene.

Ku-podcast yakamuva, uCrown uchaze lapho umqondo wakhe wokuhlola izimbiza ze-Chaco ukuze uthole ukhokho.Wayekhuluma nochwepheshe baseMaya owabonisa ukuthi izimbiza zamaMayan zazisetshenziselwa ukuphuza ushokoledi, futhi uCrown wazibuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izimbiza zeChaco zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo.Umumo wembiza wabonisa kuCrown ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona ukunyakaza okusabalele kwemibono nemikhuba kanye noshokoledi ongokoqobo.

"Kwakungekho udonga emngceleni phakathi kwe-United States neMexico, okuvumela ukusebenzisana, imibono kanye nezimpahla zokuhweba ukuthi zibuyele emuva naphambili" kusho uMqhele."Kusisiza ukuthi sicabange ukuthi izinto zazihluke kanjani eminyakeni eyi-1000 edlule uma sibheka lapho sikhona manje."

Abantu basePuebloan babehweba kakhulu kunokhokho.Bashintsha imibono, ama-parrots, okunye ukudla, namasu okwenza izitsha zobumba nempucuko kuwo wonke umhlaba.

“Lokhu kusho ukuthi bekunabantu abebevuna ukhokho emahlathini aseMesoamerica futhi bawuhwebe ngohleloxhumano olukhulu ukuze bafinyelele abantu baseNingizimu-ntshonalanga.Kukhombisa ulwazi olunzulu abantu ababenalo,” kusho uRick.“Ezweni lethu lesimanje elixubene nembulunga yonke, ngokuvamile asicabangi ngabantu, abantu abasebenzisa i-inthanethi ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nezokuthutha zangaphambi kobuningi, njengabanalezi zinhlobo zokuxhuma eminyakeni eyi-1000 edlule.”

I-Chaco Canyon National Historic Park eNew Mexico ayibukeki ngendlela efanayo nakwabasePuebloan abadlule.Kodwa umhosha awukalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo kwamasiko nenkolo enzalweni yaseChaco Canyon.Izizwe, kuhlanganise namaHopi, ziyaqhubeka nokubona iChaco Canyon njengengxenye ebalulekile yesiko lazo.

“Enye yezinto eziyinhloko ukungawuthengi umqondo wokunyamalala kwayo yonke le mpucuko,” kusho uDkt. Gwyn Isaac, uMphathi Wezamasiko Omdabu WaseNyakatho Melika kulo mnyuziyamu.“Kusekuningi kakhulu ukuhlobana nalezi zindawo yingakho izitsha zobumba zingena encazelweni yazo.Ubungqabavu nemibono nemiklamo eyenziwa ngezitsha zobumba kuseyingxenye enkulu yendlela izitsha zobumba ezaziswa ngayo namuhla.”

I-Recovering Voices wuhlelo lokuvuselela ulimi namasiko oluxhumanisa imiphakathi yabomdabu namaqoqo akwaSmithsonian.Isibonelo, ababumbi be-Hopi basebenzisa amaqoqo ukuze baqhubekisele phambili ulwazi lwezizukulwane emiphakathini yabo futhi babambisane ne-Smithsonian ukuze bathuthukise ukuqonda kwayo amaqoqo ngokwezindinganiso zomdabu.

“Sinababumbi bakwaHopi beze bazosebenza nathi ngamaqoqo.Basebenzisa lonke ulwazi abaluthola ngokuvakasha ukuze basize izizukulwane ezisakhula zifunde ngobumba,” kusho u-Isaac.“Abantu bazizwa besondelene futhi besondelene namadlozi abo ngokusebenzisa izitsha zobumba.Kuyindlela yokuxhuma esikhathini esedlule nesamanje.”

Esikhathini esedlule, izimbiza ze-Chaco cylinder zazisetshenziselwa ukuphuza ushokoledi.Nakuba zingasasetshenziselwa leyo njongo, aziyona into engenanjongo.Ziwubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi umzila oguquguqukayo wezohwebo phakathi kweNingizimu-ntshonalanga nezindawo ezishisayo wawukhona futhi nawo awumlando ophilayo kubabumbi bezizwe eziyinzalo.

“I-Chaco Canyon nezitsha zayo ziyizinkomba zokuqhubeka kwale miphakathi, hhayi ukubhodloka,” kusho u-Isaac.“Kule miphakathi, le yimibono ebilokhu ikhona.Kodwa kubavubukuli kanye nezazi ze-anthropologists, kufanele sifundiswe kangcono yile miphakathi ukuthi lezi zindawo zisho ukuthini kuyo.”

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